Hoezo bommen, hier is geen Hezbollah


De bombardementen van donderdagnacht op Beiroet hebben de laatste nog open toegangswegen vernield.


Uit de krater in het wegdek steekt een bestelbusje, maar de brug staat nog. Enkele militairen nemen de schade op, tegen de achtergrond van de zee, casino en cabarettheaters als Excalibur en Luxor, roemrucht vanwege de Russische ’danseressen’. De zwaar gehavende brug in het kuststadje Djoenieh is gistermorgen door Israëlische straaljagers beschoten. Djoenieh is de officieuze hoofdstad van christelijk Libanon.

Drie andere bruggen op de gloednieuwe snelweg naar het noorden werden volledig verwoest. „Beiroet is nu bijna geheel afgesloten van Libanon, en Libanon is bijna geheel afgesloten van de buitenwereld”, zegt Eliane Raheb. Bijna alle wegen naar Syrië zijn onbegaanbaar, het vliegveld is niet langer operationeel terwijl de Israëlische marine kust en havens blokkeert.

De bombardementen volgden op een tv-toespraak van Hassan Nasrallah. De Hezbollah-leider zei bereid te zijn raketaanvallen op Israël te staken, indien Israël zou stoppen met het bombarderen van Libanese dorpen en steden. Hij sprak opnieuw zijn weerstand uit tegen een door Amerika en Israël gedomineerd ’nieuw Midden-Oosten’ en dreigde „Tel Aviv te bombarderen, indien Israël Beiroet bombardeert”.

Het was voor het eerst dat Israël het christelijk hartland van Libanon bombardeerde en de angst zit er goed in. Op de normaal gesproken drukke snelweg door Djoenieh is geen auto te bekennen.

„Waarom bombarderen ze ons? Er is hier geen Hezbollah”, zegt de 71-jarige kruidenier Mansoer Makhloef. „Het is een oorlog van Iran met Hezbollah tegen Amerika en Israël, en wij zijn het slachtoffer. Er is geen werk, geen verkeer, geen benzine, geen stroom.”

Israël weigert twee Algerijnse olietankers de toegang tot de haven van Beiroet, met als gevolg dat de elektriciteitscentrales op minder dan halve kracht draaien. De meeste mensen hebben maar enkele uren stroom per dag en staan uren bij de pomp voor de laatste benzine.

„Ik ben christelijk en interesseer me niet zo voor politiek”, zegt de 27-jarige Pierette Hanna in apotheek Madonna. „Wij dachten dat Amerika Israël grenzen had gesteld, – waar wel en niet te bombarderen. Maar die lijken nu overschreden.”

Washington heeft verschillende malen verklaard de huidige Libanese regering onder leiding van Foead Siniora niet te willen destabiliseren. Maar Israël dreigde Libanon 20 jaar terug in de tijd te zetten.

Net als veel Libanezen vindt Hanna enerzijds dat Hezbollah had moeten overleggen voordat het twee Israëlische soldaten ontvoerde, en anderzijds dat Israël „veel te ver gaat”.

„Ik zag Nasrallah’s toespraak op tv”, zegt ze. „Hij komt heel kalm en zelfverzekerd over. Al ben ik het niet altijd met hem eens, ik geloof hem wel. Israël wil niet alleen Hezbollah vernietigen, maar heel Libanon. Kijk maar naar Kana, de bombardementen op Zuid-Beiroet, en nu de brug in Djoenieh.”

Volgens haar zijn de christenen in Djoenieh verdeeld. Sommige willen Hezbollah vernietigd zien, andere zijn voor een politieke dialoog. Hanna’s moeder loopt de apotheek binnen. Steunt ze Israël of Hezbollah? „Ik ben met God en Libanon, en met niets of niemand anders.”


Trouw, 05-08-2006

__________________
"Never argue with an idiot, they'll just bring you
down to their level and beat you with experience." (c)TB

De Hezbollah beschikt over de modernste antitankwapens van Russische en West-Europese makelij, en lijkt meer op een volledig uitgeruste infanteriebrigade dan een guerrillagroep. Dit zeggen Israëlische militaire deskundigen.

Russische raketten
Het Israëlische leger bevestigde vrijdag dat Hezbollah Russische Metis-M raketten en zelfs Europese Milan-raketten afschiet op de Israëlische Merkava-tanks. De zwaar gepantserde tanks gelden als het symbool van de slagkracht van het Israëlische leger, maar donderdag en vrijdag werden drie tanks beschadigd door de raketten van Hezbollah en kwamen zeven militairen om het leven. Volgens de Israëlische media zijn de meeste van de 45 Israëlische militairen die bij de gevechten om het leven zijn gekomen, het slachtoffer geworden van antitankraketten.

Modern
"Hezbollah heeft de modernste antitankwapens die in de wereld te krijgen zijn", meent Yossi Kupferwasser, een voormalig officier bij de Israëlische militaire inlichtingendienst. Volgens Eran Lerman, een gepensioneerde kolonel, is Hezbollah 'net zo goed bewapend als een eenheid van het Syrische of Iraanse leger'".

De Israëlische regering is er zeker van dat Hezbollah zijn wapens krijgt van Syrië en Iran. De militie heeft zes jaar de tijd gehad om zich met hulp van die landen te bewapenen. Daarom is het volgens Israëlische bronnen nu zo moeilijk voor het leger om Hezbollah uit te schakelen, en daarom probeert het leger om de bevoorradingsroutes van de militie af te snijden.

Constante bevoorrading
Het militaire tijdschrift Janes Defense Weekly meldde vrijdag dat Hezbollah Iran heeft gevraagd om 'een constante bevoorrading met wapens' in de strijd tegen het Israëlische leger. Volgens het blad hebben westerse diplomatieke bronnen gezegd dat Teheran Hezbollah een gestage bevoorrading met wapens heeft beloofd 'voor de volgende fase van de confrontatie'.

Vooraanstaande Israëlische inlichtingenofficieren hebben gezegd dat ze bij Hezbollah-strijders ook leden van de Iraanse Revolutionaire Garde hebben gezien. Het afvuren van langeafstandsraketten die Tel Aviv kunnen bereiken zou volgens deze bronnen alleen met Iraanse toestemming kunnen.

Behalve antitankwapens heeft Hezbollah ook draagbare raketwerpers van het type RPG-29. Volgens een Israëlische veiligheidsfunctionaris komen die ook uit Syrië. Eerder schoten Palestijnen in Gaza diezelfde raketten af op Israëlische tanks. (novum)

Hizballah's Rocket Campaign Against Northern Israel: A Preliminary Report
Jerusalem Issue Brief
Institute for Contemporary Affairs
founded jointly at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
with the Wechsler Family Foundation
Vol. 6, No. 10 - 31 August 2006

Hizballah's Rocket Campaign Against Northern Israel: A Preliminary Report

Uzi Rubin

* From July 13 to August 13, the Israel Police reported 4,228 rocket impacts inside Israel from rockets fired by Hizballah. No geographical area in the world has sustained such a large quantity of rocket strikes since the Iran-Iraq war in the early 1980s.

* Most rockets fired by Hizballah at Israel were taken from the Syrian arsenal rather than from Iran. On most occasions, the rocket warhead contained anti-personnel munitions, a mixture of explosives and steel balls or fragments that were lethal to all those caught outside.

* One-fourth of the rockets that landed within Israel landed within built-up areas. During the first two weeks, rocket attacks averaged about 100 per day. Then in early August, Hizballah proceeded to double its rate of fire to a daily average of 200 rocket attacks. There was a decline during the final week, but on August 13, the day before the cease-fire, 250 rockets landed in Israel. Israeli counterattacks apparently had no serious influence on Hizballah's rate of fire, but had an effect on the accuracy and geography of the attacks.

* Israel's losses and damage from Hizballah rocket attacks include 53 fatalities, 250 severely wounded, and 2,000 lightly wounded. There was extensive damage to hundreds of dwellings, several public utilities, and dozens of industrial plants. One million Israelis lived near or in shelters or security rooms, with some 250,000 civilians evacuating the north and relocating to other areas of the country.

* Early Warning sirens provided timely alarms, saving innumerable lives. Israel's long-standing policy of constructing public shelters, combined with building codes that require reinforced spaces in private dwellings, proved to be generally effective as a system of passive defense against most of the rockets fired by Hizballah. Nearly 80 percent of fatalities involved persons caught in the open.

* Rockets and rocket launchers emerged as one of the defining weapons of the second Lebanon War and will remain so in the foreseeable future. This impacts on the security of U.S. and Western interests in the Middle East. Effective response measures must be devised and deployed as soon as possible. Two objectives should be pursued: first, to reduce the "Flash to Bang" (Hizballah rocket launch to Israeli response) cycle time to a few seconds from the time of launcher location pinpointing; and second, to develop and deploy effective and affordable active defense against rockets to protect vital civilian and military installations.

On July 12, 2006, Hizballah crossed the Israeli-Lebanese border in an ambush, killing three Israeli soldiers and kidnapping two wounded soldiers. Five more Israeli soldiers were killed after the army entered Lebanon in pursuit. The following morning (July 13), Hizballah fired a Katyusha rocket from Lebanon that landed on the main street in the Israeli resort city of Nahariya, killing one woman and injuring at least ten people.

From July 13 to August 13, the Israel Police reported 4,228 rocket1 impacts inside Israel from rockets fired by Hizballah. No geographical area in the world has sustained such a large quantity of rocket strikes since the Iran-Iraq war in the early 1980s. The rocket attacks on northern Israel were anticipated and were factored in to the decision to respond in force to Hizballah's July 12 attack.

Most of Hizballah's Rockets Came from Syria

The great majority of rockets fired at Israel came from Syria. They included:

* Grad-type 122mm Katyusha, range 30 km., warhead 30 kg.

* Improved Grad 122mm Katyusha, range 50 km., warhead 30 kg.

* "220mm rocket," range 70 km (probably Syrian-manufactured Russian "Ouragan" Multiple Launch Rocket System [MLRS])

* "B302" 302mm rocket, range 100 km, warhead 175 kg. (probably Syrian-manufactured Chinese WS-1 MLRS).

The head of IDF Military Intelligence, Maj.-Gen. Amos Yadlin, told the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee on August 24 that with the exception of the long-range Iranian Zelzal missiles, most rockets fired by Hizballah at Israel were taken from the Syrian arsenal rather than from Iran.2 However, debris from an Iranian-made 240mm Fajr 3 with a range of 45km has also been identified. IDF Chief of Staff Dan Halutz told the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee on August 16 that Israel was "successful in destroying 90 percent of [Hizballah's] long-range rockets."3

On most occasions, the rocket warhead contained anti-personnel munitions, a mixture of explosives and steel balls or fragments that were lethal to all those caught outside. Out of the 53 people killed in Israel by Hizballah rockets, 41 were outside when the attack occurred.

Hizballah also attacked Israeli naval vessels with the "Noor" (C802) anti-ship missile that killed four Israeli sailors aboard the Israeli Navy Ship INS Hanit on July 14. In addition, Israel Radio reported that at least one of the Hizballah UAVs downed by the Israeli Air Force carried a 30-kg. bomb. This was the first recorded use of UAVs as land attack cruise missiles.

The Effects of Hizballah's Weapons

Of the more than four thousand rockets that landed within Israel, three-quarters landed in open areas, but one-fourth (972 - 23 percent) landed within built-up areas. The number of longer-range rockets (50+ km.) fired at Israel was approximately 250.

Patterns of fire could be discerned during the course of the war. From July 13 to August 1, rocket attacks averaged about 100 per day, with a daily fluctuation from 33 to 145. Then Hizballah proceeded to double its rate of fire. From August 1 to August 7, there was a daily average of 200 rocket attacks, with a range of 160 to 215. Between August 7 and August 13 there was a decline, with the highest daily figure reaching 160. However, on the final day before the cease-fire (August 13), 250 rockets landed in Israel. At one point during the war, Hizballah achieved a rate of fire of approximately 150 rockets per hour. Overall, Israeli counterattacks, while affecting accuracy and deflecting fire from Haifa during the last phases of the war, apparently had no serious influence on Hizballah's rate of fire.

It was also noted that Hizballah had changed tactics in August, concentrating more rockets at the same target, and repeating attacks on points it had just attacked, as those in the shelters began to emerge after what they believed was a safe interval.

Israel's losses and damage suffered from Hizballah rocket attacks include 53 fatalities, 250 severely wounded, and approximately 2,000 lightly wounded. There was extensive damage to hundreds of dwellings, several public utilities, and dozens of industrial plants. Some 500 forest and brush fires were caused by rocket impacts. One million Israelis had to stay near or in shelters or security rooms, with some 250,000 civilians evacuating the north and relocating to other areas of the country. Most economic activity in northern Israel was suspended for a month.

Israeli Response Measures

Early Warning sirens provided timely alarms, saving innumerable lives. Israel's long-standing policy of constructing public shelters, combined with building codes that require reinforced spaces in private dwellings, proved to be generally effective as a system of passive defense against most of the rockets fired by Hizballah. Nearly 80 percent of fatalities involved persons caught in the open.

In terms of active defense measures, most rockets were detected and tracked by early warning means which presumably provided launch point locations. Counter fire by conventional artillery was marginally effective, as were raids by special forces units on rocket launchers and command posts. Attacks on launchers by air power were moderately effective inasmuch as they degraded the accuracy of the rocket launchers and pushed them out of the optimal launching zones against Haifa. Thus, downtown Haifa was not hit during the later phase of the conflict, except during the last day (August 13) when Hizballah staged an extra effort for this purpose.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Rockets and rocket launchers emerged as one of the defining weapons of the second Lebanon War and will remain so in the foreseeable future. It stands to reason that this will impact throughout the Middle East and encourage radical movements to adopt rocket attacks against U.S. and Western forces and assets. Effective response measures must be devised and deployed as soon as possible.

Rockets and launchers are complex targets: there is no silver bullet to do the job, rather, a "tool kit" approach is needed, offering an array of interconnected solutions. The top priority to ensure Israel's security is to:

* Reduce the "Flash to Bang" (Hizballah rocket launch to Israeli response) cycle time to a few seconds from the time of launcher location pinpointing.

* Develop and deploy effective and affordable active defense against rockets to protect vital civilian and military installations.

* * *

List of Photos (on the web)

1. Iranian Fajr 3 Rocket http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket01.jpg

2. Iranian Zelzal 2 Rocket http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket02.jpg

3. Noor (C802) Anti-Ship Missile http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket03.jpg

4. Map of Rocket Strikes on Northern Israel http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket04.jpg

5. Grad-Katyusha 122mm Rocket http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket05.jpg

6. Ouragan 220mm Rocket http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket06.jpg

7. "B302" 302mm Rocket http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket07.jpg

8. 122mm Rocket Launcher http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket08.jpg

9. 220mm Rocket Launcher http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket09.jpg

10. Impact of a 220mm Anti-Personnel Rocket - Exhibit A http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket10.jpg

11. Impact of a 220mm Anti-Personnel Rocket - Exhibit B http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket11.jpg

12. Impact of a 220mm Anti-Personnel Rocket - Exhibit C http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket12.jpg

13. Impact of a 220mm Anti-Personnel Rocket - Exhibit D http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket13.jpg

14. Impact of a 220mm Anti-Personnel Rocket - Exhibit E http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket14.jpg

15. Impact of Hizballah Rocket on Israeli Apartment http://www.jcpa.org/gif/rocket15.jpg

* * *

Notes

1. A note about terminology - a "missile" has a guidance system that can modify its course; a "rocket" has no such guidance system.

2. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/754563.html

3. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/751340.html

* * *

Uzi Rubin has been involved in Israeli military research, development, and engineering programs for almost forty years. Between 1991 and 1999 he served as head of Israel's Missile Defense Organization, and in that capacity he oversaw the development of Israel's Arrow anti-missile defense system. He was awarded the Israel Defense Prize in 1996. He is the author of "The Global Range of Iran's Ballistic Missile Program," Jerusalem Issue Brief 5-26 (June 20, 2006).

This Jerusalem Issue Brief is available online at:

http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief006-10.htm